Ethanol Internal Combustion Engines
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چکیده
Ethanol Internal Combustion Engines HIGHLIGHTS PROCESS AND TECHNOLOGY STATUS – The use of biofuels (e.g. bio-ethanol and biodiesel) in the transport sector can save significant amounts of fossil fuels and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Internal combustion engines (ICEs) can run on bio-ethanol manufactured from biomass or waste through biochemical processes. Agricultural feedstock such as sugar beet and wheat (in Europe), corn (in the US) and sugar cane (in Brazil and other emerging countries), or even ligno-cellulosic materials such as wood, pulp fibres, papers, agriculture and industrial residues and waste can be broken down by hydrolysis to produce simple sugars, which are then fermented to produce bio-ethanol (see ETSAP TB S05). While ethanol production from primary agriculture feedstock is based on commercial technologies, the use of ligno-cellulosic materials requires technologies that are still under industrial demonstration. Gasoline-ethanol blends with 5% to 10% ethanol (called E5 and E10, respectively) can fuel conventional gasoline vehicles. Above these proportions, ethanol can cause corrosion in certain parts of conventional vehicles. However, corrosion may be avoided with relatively inexpensive engine modifications. A number of manufacturers produce flex-fuel vehicles (FFVs) that are capable to run on gasolineethanol blends from 0% to 85% ethanol (E85). Ethanol is mostly blended with gasoline rather than with diesel because of its low ability to ignite (i.e. low cetane rating), which is irrelevant in spark ignition (SI) ICEs, but fundamental in compression ignition (CI), or diesel engines. However, diesel-ethanol blends are also used in CI engines with some engine modifications and the use of cetane improvers.
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